With the ability to track the parity more rapidly than the naturally-occurring decoherence (photon loss), we have shown the extension of the lifetime of a quantum bit, reaching breakeven for a memory operation, limited mainly by propagation of errors or non-fault tolerance of the measurement. In addition, the dispersive coupling of transmon qubits to cavities has afforded not just the ability for the single-shot measurement of microwave photons, but also error syndromes such as the photon number parity. We have seen steady progress in hardware-efficient error correction, demonstrating the creation of a correctable or logical qubit by encoding and decoding of information in complex multi-photon states, the manipulation of these states to perform gates on individual logical qubits, and the generation of multimode entangled states. It also leverages the extensive physics knowledge and techniques that have been developed in circuit-QED and quantum optics. This simplification has many benefits, reducing the overhead, relaxing the performance requirements, and allowing for more extensive calibration and characterization. By allowing for redundancy without necessarily introducing more error channels, the “cat code” and other such bosonic error correction codes allow us to experimentally explore the concepts and the practice of QEC today, with smaller and less complex systems. Developing practical schemes for quantum error correction is a requirement for building more complex systems and realizing the potential of quantum computing.Īt Yale, our team has been pursuing a novel, “hardware-efficient” approach for quantum error correction, based on encoding information in the multiple energy levels of a harmonic oscillator such as a microwave cavity. The next challenge for the field is demonstrating quantum error correction (QEC) that actually improves the lifetimes of superpositions and entangled states and makes these systems robust by increasing the fidelity of gates. These devices have also proven to be a wonderful platform for exploring the concepts of entanglement, quantum information, and quantum measurement. Superconducting qubits have improved their coherence by more than a million-fold, and they can be controlled and manipulated to perform quantum algorithms.
In the two decades since the beginning of the field, dramatic progress has been made towards realizing solid-state systems for quantum information processing with superconducting circuits.
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